Foucault - Power/Knowledge - 2372 Words

Foucault’s theorisation of the power/knowledge relationship Foucault in theorizing the relationship between power and knowledge basically focused on how power operated in the institutions and in its techniques. The point is how power was supported by knowledge in the functioning of institutions of punishment. â€Å"He places the body at the centre of the struggles between different formations of power/knowledge. The techniques of regulation are applied to the body† (Wheterell et al., 2001: 78) Power is the ability to control others or one’s entity. Accordingly it can be defined as a kind of strength or as an authority. There are various theorisations about the meaning of this term in sociology thus it would be hard to give a comprehensive†¦show more content†¦When plague turned up the old system followed the then methods of observation and surveillance, plague was everywhere thus the supporting power must have been mobilized. In this case â€Å"power is mobilized; it makes itself everywhere present and visible; it invents new mechanism; it separates; it immobilizes† etc. to make people act as it was expected in these conditions (because of the plague almost every interactions must have been stopped in the interest of getting rid of the disease). (Foucault, 1975) The Panopticon instead of exercising power from several sides emphasises the importance and perfection of the surveillance focus from one place. The Panopticon is a building which has an annual part in the periphery and a tower in the centre. Next to omitting little details its most important feature is the ability to see into every cells without being visible. â€Å"The panoptic mechanism arranges spatial unities that make it possible to see constantly and to recognize immediately.† (Calhoun et al., 2007: 209) The consciousness of being watched make people put on their best behaviour, their best way of acting thus the inmates do not commit any further crimes as it usually occurs that could happen without being watched. The operation of this building gives theShow MoreRelatedFoucault s Theory Of Individual Power And Knowledge1596 Words   |  7 PagesTheory of Individual Power and Knowledge have allowed one to see the other side of arguments with more posing questions. Domestic Violence is now resulting in a spouse being labeled with the brand of â€Å"battered woman’s syndrome† and it opens the door for a many unanswered questions, and is debatable at best. In the case of Francine Hughes Wilson, â€Å"The Burning Bed† shed new light on the ever growing problems within a domestic abusive relationship and gave way to social change, knowledge and empowermentRead MoreA Few Ways That Foucault s Conceptualization Of Bio Power And Of Disciplinary Knowledge And Practices976 Words   |  4 PagesThere are a few ways that Foucault’s conceptualization of bio-power and of disciplinary knowledge and practices may be evident in college settings. One example of bio-power in a colle ge setting might be birth control and sex education at my university. Another example of bio-power in our colleges is a requirement of a health credit, such as basic health or physical education, in order to graduate. Like bio-power, disciplinary knowledge and practices are used in our university and other community collegesRead MoreThe Philosophical Methodology of Geneaology1395 Words   |  6 Pagesevents. Fueled by Nietzsche’s sense of deconstruction, Foucault also sought to deconstruct all metaphysical ideas and disregard the belief of perpetual truths. His idea of genealogy operates under the assumption that the facts are to be interpreted as opposed to accepted, for facts can be created by the will to truth, or the need for truth at any price. This concept originally belonged to Nietzsche, borrowed and expanded on by Foucault. Foucault provides greater insight to genealogy thanks to the workRead MoreBird’s Eye- view of Foucauldian Perspective to Commercial Hiera rchies and Confrontation1510 Words   |  6 PagesMichel Foucault was a French philosopher or a historian of systems of thought. His theories addressed the relationship between power and knowledge, and how they are used as a form of social control through societal institutions. Through his impressive career Foucault became known for his many demonstrative arguments that power depends not on material relations or authority but instead primarily on discursive networks. The sole purpose of the present research paper is to evaluate the power relationsRead MoreRelationship Between Sex And Power955 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Michel Foucault was a French philosopher, historian, social theorist, philologist and literary critic whose work had a tremendous impact on several disciplines. He was not a sociologist by training, but he worked diligently on sociological issues and otherwise had significant influence on the work of other sociologists. One of his most famous works is the The History of Sexuality, in which he examines the emergence of sexuality as a discursive object and separate sphere of lifeRead More The Introduction to the History of Sexuality by Foucault Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesSexuality, Foucault explains how during the 19th century with the raise of new societies, the discourse or knowledge about sex was not confronted with repulsion but it â€Å"put into operation an entire machinery for producing true discourses concerning sex† (Foucault 69). In fact, this spreading of discourse on sexuality itself gives a clear account of how sexuality has been controlled and confined bec ause it was determined in a certain kind of knowledge that carries power within it. Foucault reflectsRead MoreGramscis And Foucaults Notions of Power1471 Words   |  6 PagesPower is a concept that is at the core of issues regarding social stratification (Scott Marshall, 2009). Therefore there have been many debates regarding what this concept of power actually means. For Gramsci, power needs to be considered legitimate by those who are subject to it, and the legitimacy of power is gained through the manipulation of social norms (Scott Marshall, 2009). This manipulation of social norms, links to Gramsci’s notion of ideological hegemony. Gramsci uses hegemony to showRead MoreSocial Order (Foucault and Goffman)1463 Words   |  6 Pagesas among various individuals. In any society, people must acquire knowledge of how to relate to one another and their environment. Order is then established by a normalisation and standardisation of this knowledge. This essay will examine tw o views on social order, applied to social sciences, and embodied in everyday life. It will compare and contrast a Canadian sociologist, Erving Goffman, and a French philosopher, Michel Foucault. Through an analysis of these two figures, the text will present differentRead More Panopticism Essay753 Words   |  4 PagesIn his essay â€Å"Panopticism,† Michel Foucault introduces the Panopticon structure as proof of modern society tending toward efficient disciplinary mechanisms. Starting with his example of the strict, intensely organized measures that are taken in a typical 17th-century plague-stricken town, Foucault describes how the town employed constant surveillance techniques, centralized a hierarchy of authorities to survey households, partitioned individual structures to impose certain behavior, and record currentRead MoreThe Theory Of Knowledge And Power1131 Words   |  5 PagesPost-Foucauldian theory of knowledge and power, knowledge has been used as a synonym fo r power. In 21st century they are considered as two sides of the same coin. Power gives an individual the ability to make others obey in a social relationship irrespective of the basis. As per Foucault power is not only brutal physical force rather an invisible form of network that operates. At times, the operator has no knowledge of this invisible power which controls others. Similarly, knowledge is defined as a belief

The Moral Code Utilitarianism And Rule Utilitarianism

One of the most important parts of being a functioning human being in society is the ability to make ethical decisions. Although most humans have similar ethical beliefs there are still many differences between each person. These differences can be influenced and affected by a person s upbringing, religion, and overall social interactions. When analyzing a person s ethical beliefs, we can see a combination of different ethical systems working in tandem to make up one complete ethical code. We can define this mix of different systems as a person s satisfactory moral code. Through learning different ethical systems, I have found that my own satisfactory moral code is largely comprised of utilitarian beliefs with the inclusion of radical virtue ethics. llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll The first, main part of my satisfactory moral code is utilitarianism which is an ethical system that focuses on overall utility or happiness in a group. There are two main types of Utilitarianism; Act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Act utilitarianism is an ethical system that defines right and wrong by looking at individual actions and seeing how much happiness these actions produce within the group. Right is defined as creating the most overall utility or happiness and wrong is defined as the latter. Although on the surface it seems right to look at overall happiness there are still flaws in this system. OneShow MoreRelatedEvaluation of a Business Code of Ethics Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesFirst Energy and the Business Code of Ethics PHL/323 March 7, 2011 First Energy and the Business Code of Ethics First Energy prides itself on the ethical standards it has created. These standards are the basis that builds upon the trust between customers, shareholders, employees, and the surrounding communities. First Energy encompasses more than five states and supplies millions of customers. As a service company, First Energy expects its employees to adhere to a workplace free of harassmentRead MoreUtilitarianism : A Ethical Theory1381 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism is a normative theory that describes how one ought to act by evaluating the consequences of actions, thus utilitarianism is a breed of consequentialism. Consequences determine whether an act is right or wrong, so one ought to act to produce the best results. The best result is the one that maximizes utility, or produces the largest amount of good. Utilitarians define good as pleasure or happiness, since it is the only thing that is intrinsically good. This is not to say that utilitariansRead MoreJames Liang And The Vo lkswagen Emission Scandal Essay1314 Words   |  6 Pageseven further. The entirety of the scandal eventually came into the public spotlight in 2015 (Guess, 2016, p.1). The subsequent paragraphs of this essay will first discuss Kantian duty ethics and rule utilitarianism, and focus on analyzing the moral implications of Liang’s actions in reference to these moral theories. Kantian duty ethics, also known as deontology, is based on a few key principles: first, that an act is morally valuable if the will is perfectly aligned with duty; second, that the responsibilitiesRead MoreEthics Vs. Kantian Ethics1249 Words   |  5 Pagesthought that would best govern human decision making. Two prominent ethical theories that arose were utilitarianism and deontological ethics. Both ethical theories developed to establish and justify a set of different moral rules and principles. Utilitarianism, otherwise known as consequentialism, is an ethical theory that sees the best moral decision is one that maximizes utility, which implies that no moral decision is intrinsically right or wrong. Deontological ethics or Kantian ethics is a normativeRead MoreEthical Theories Supporting Different Moral Perspectives Of Human Actions871 Words   |  4 PagesThere are numerous ethical theories supporting different moral perspectives of human actions. The various theories differ a ccording to the way in which they require people to act, and in their fundamental arguments. Because of different perspectives and philosophical views, no ethical theory can be said to be superior to the other. The paper that follows describes and defends the ethical theory of utilitarianism. Reasons why Utilitarianism is the Correct Ethical Theory i. It reinforces rationalityRead MoreUtilitarianism Vs. Utilitarianism Theory909 Words   |  4 Pages In the history of philosophy Utilitarianism has been viewed as one of the best of the moral theories. It has become one the most powerful, influential, and most persuasive approach to normative ethics. The utilitarianism theory also has had a major impacts on approaches to economic, political, and social policy. The utilitarianism theory had originally had been created by Jeremy Bentham. His version of was that aggregate pleasure after deducting suffering of all involved in any action. HoweverRead MoreMill s Utilitarianism : Utilitarianism1251 Words   |  6 PagesMill’s Utilitarianism For centuries philosophers have attempted to explain morals, creating ideas that break this ethical system down into basic components. English philosopher, John Stuart Mill, was a large contributor to the idea of utilitarianism. Although Mill’s utilitarianism provides a strong argument for explaining morality, it is not a bulletproof theory. J.S. Mill’s Principle of utility, also known as the greatest happiness principle, is an ethical philosophy that looks at the developmentRead MoreCultural Relativism : A Moral Theory1676 Words   |  7 Pagesnot Objectivism, which is a moral theory that states that there are certain moral standards that everyone should follow regardless of their opinion and indifference towards them. Cultural relativism is one of the two forms of Ethical Relativism. The latter one belongs to a form of moral skepticism. It states that moral standards are not objective, but relative to the standards of a person or a society. Consequently, cultural relativism is based on the belief that a moral standard is correct only whenRead MoreCase Study : Applications Of Utilitarianism1339 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Case Two: Applications of Utilitarianism The case I chose to apply utilitarianism to is case number three. In case three, I am working for the number one car manufacturer in the country. Our latest model the Hipster is planned to be released but has potential brake issues. These brake malfunctions could cause serious injuries from accidents due to drivers being unable to stop the vehicle. The requirement is to submit a report and let consumers know that there is a recall after the governmentRead MoreNo Moral Rule Is Absolute909 Words   |  4 Pages No Moral Rule Is Absolute The simple definition of Utilitarianism is â€Å"the belief that a morally good action is one that helps the greatest number of people†(Utilitarianism, ). However, Utilitarianism is far from a ‘simple’ philosophy, and while there is no perfect doctrine when it comes to Normative Ethics, Utilitarianism comes the closest for a number of reasons. The first is impartiality; or rather equality of concern for everyone’s well-being. The second is that Utilitarianism is not based

Big Issues Facing HR in Hospitality Industry

Question: Describe about the Big Issues Facing HR in Hospitality Industry. Answer: The primary objective of service industry such as hospitality sector is to recover the economic growth of the country. The service sectors in Australia have contributed to the economic recovery in the country and it has been emphasized that this industry has a lot of potential in terms of growth, productivity and regional competitiveness (Baum, 2015). However, industry analysts have confirmed that despite the growing nature of the industry, the statistical figures are varying on hiring the employees and several other issues are facing by the human resource sector. Several businesses in Australia, both the large and the small ones have severe difficulties in understanding the obligations facing in the human resources and employee retention. A recent article in The HR Magazine by Jen Schramm from the Society for Human resource Management, discusses the major issues faced by the human resource sector. This essay aims to discuss the three most important HR problems in terms of hospitalit y industry. Several studies have shown that the hospitality industry needs appropriate and skilled employees. According to Nickson (2013), not only numeracy and literacy, hospitality demands more aesthetic labor, which means the required skills in order to behave in a proper way as the job requires, although there have been less researches conducted regarding the value of human resources in the hospitality industry. Since the 1970s, tourism and hospitality industry has emerged to be a significant one for Australian economy. Increases in the international tourism also resulted in a considerable growth in hotels and other related infrastructure and thus this industry has become one of the major employers of human resources. Hospitality industry is a labor intensive industry and around the globe this industry is facing a high level employee turnover and the companies are finding it difficult to retain their employees (Randhawa et al., 2016). Attracting and retaining the quality employees have been a great challenge for this industry and in an obvious way Australia is no exception. The employee turnover rate has a huge cost ramification as well. In a recent study, it was shown that over the last decade added pressure have been found on the hotel returns. The hospitality industry is expected to perform well financially; however, profitability has not been that much strong in the field yet (Boella Goss-Turner, 2013). In this kind of financial situation, the labor utilization has become more critical and the expenditure of human capital for the unnecessary turnover became even more significant. There is always significant link between the organizational transaction cost and the employee turnover, which has been addressed in many researches so far and that link also attempts to define the employee relations and business outcome. In other words, involuntary or voluntary turnover of existing employees has a huge cost to the companies that involves advertising, recruiting, training, development program and the quality of the organization (Solnet, Kralj Baum, 2015). Therefore, it is not only the significant tangible cost, but also the intangible cost associated with it including the loss of efficient employees and replacement costs. Researchers found that the lost investment in the training and development is the perfect instance of turnover and opportunity costs. Several studies have pointed out that employee turnover costs are also associated with the organizational behavior and other factors such as role conflict, less job satisfaction, lack of motivation, corrosive leadership, lack of development in the career and these have a great impact on the productivity and the quality service in the hospitality industry (Stone et al., 2015). Employee turnover results in lack in productivity and may account for two thirds of turnover cost. Therefore reduction in the employee turnover might be helpful in reducing the hotel costs and also improving the labor productivity. However, managing and accounting for employee turnover remains a problematical question for the hospitality industry and thereby adding the burden and turnover costs. However, there might be few strategies that can be applicable in order to achieve an improved situation in the industry. As many studies have pointed out the human resources accountability structure continue staying weak if the HR department of a certain organization keep on baring the cost of the turnover and there will be no department that can minimize that (Mok, Sparks Kadampully, 2013). It is also pointed out in several researches that they employee turnover is an artificially manufactured culture in the hospitality industry to meet the accepted yet vague organizational objectives. All these researches highlight the fact that hospitality industry has faced a huge labor retention problem. However, a timely examination into the turnover costs is very much essential in understanding the impact on the hospitality industry and a enviable turnover rate might be achieved through effective human resource management strategies. Human resources industry is always seen as a non innovative genre where the decisions regarding salary are made and team building sessions get organized. However, this industry is changing in a rapid manner and incorporating technology. The hospitality industry, in fact, has a dynamic environment and a place for continuous movement and development (Hoque, 2013). Throughout last few decades the industry has witnessed several changes at unprecedented pace through the use of technology. There are varieties of tools that can help the organizations to ensure the satisfaction of the guests. In a recent study, it was identified that human capital has faced several challenges in the modern age regarding the employee engagement, competitive compensation, developing organizational leaders and employee retention. These challenges have sparkled innovative ideas in the human resource sector across the globe. It is already seen that social media is being used for several recruitment and many impor tant organizations have turned their channels to identify the appropriate candidates. The virtual world has been continued to be matured and found its way into the professional environment. The popularity of social networking sites have changed radically as well. In the hospitality industry the guests now have an opportunity to share their experience to others, also can exchange significant information about their stay, hotel amenities and others (Wirtz Lovelock, 2016). These networking sites also allow the visitors to rate their services and review their experience online. These reviews tend to have a large impact on the future potential guests when they try to research online before making decisions about their travels. According to a recent study, a huge percentage of travelers feel confident with their decisions while they read good reviews online. Therefore technology has a huge impact on the human resource sector as well. As the virtual reality have been a matured one now, many companies have started releasing their products online and in terms of hospitality it is also true, as it can be seen in the previous discussion. This kind technology has prepared for disrupting the talent management and the productivity, as the potential of the virtual reality can be envisioned and the employees can use for any requirements from assignment to corporate trainings (Marler Parry, 2016). Furthermore, the digital involvement of the employees will increase more and in several situations the training and development procedures can be done virtually as well. Another important impact of modern technology in the hospitality industry is the advance learning about machines. There are automated data analyses through algorithms and other programs can be done. These allow the machines to collect several information from the corporate environments and improve the human resource depart of a certain organization (Robinson et al., 2014). These technological developments can improve the efficiency of the analysis done on the initial level and allow the HR professionals to look for the higher results. The machine learning application in the hospitality industry is primarily focused on the talent relationship and predictive analysis, mostly used in the recruitment process. Studies also show that several organizations will soon adopt the cloud computing technology for data access and human resource sector is expected to be ahead of that curve and will spend more on utilizing the cloud solutions to increase the productivity of their workforce rather than other sectors in the hospitality industry. Increasing of these tools will be available with much information and that will make the HR professionals shift to the business performance and execution, as it will free up the human resource departs from the training and development (Deery Jago, 2015). The time consuming jobs like preferences of the employees, work patterns will start being automated with the help of this technology and the human resource professionals could focus of more engaging challenges that will increase the productivity of the company. However, this development of technology can increase a level of insecurity in the professionals as they might face some risks as well. Another HR issue that is faced by the developing hospitality sector is the importance of big data. Big data is the torrent of information in details about the consumers and the employees, which now have begun through the hospitality human resources and allow the managers to connect the HR policies with the corporate financial outcomes (Ramos et al., 2017). Hospitality organizations have gradually started addressing both the challenges and the possibilities of big data. Additionally, in dealing with the huge volume of information, the organizations should cope with the variety and the velocity of the information while they can also make sure that there has been an ethical application of the gathered information. There are four primary attributes of the type of big human resource data and a framework has been developed regarding the nature of the data. These four primary attributes are velocity, volume, veracity and variety (Xiang et al., 2015). It is stated by several professionals that the companies have a huge data that points for all the individuals in their use. The primary levels of this information are the employees and the applicants and the former employees, but some companies also obtain and analyze the information in the transaction level. In addition to that, the managing of volume can be very much tricky for the information technology constraint. The veracity of the information is a prominent concern. While most of the HR professional using this technology are confident about the HR metrics, many are concerned about the quality of the HR data. There is also a substantial variance in the big HR data that is collected by the companies (Xiang et al., 2015). For instance it can be sa id that for the recruitment process the data not only includes demographic information about the potential candidates, but also the specific channels to be used by the applicants to apply for the specific job, interviews and other related information. Other than the three previous aspects of big data, there also lies another component, velocity that concerns with the incredible speed of the compilation of the data. The organizations using big data entirely rely on the provided information and consider it to the accurate one. The companies in the hospitality industry that use the big HR data consider the main objective to gather and examine the data o enhance their business performance and other functional operations. At the end they can also use the varied data mining process to examine the sources of the data as well. The primary challenge for the hospitality industry is that the variance factor is very much common in the industry. Therefore it is important to differentiate between the practical and statistical significance of the data (Supanti, Butcher Fredline, 2015). In future the hospitality industry need a more purposeful approach to the data analysis process and the function specific activities are important to understand, especially how they are related. In conclusion it can be said that the complex and rapid changing environment in the hospitality industry might be very much challenging for any human resource professional. However, at the same time the growing technology and other advancements are enhancing the growth of the industry itself. It is not necessary for any profession to expertise each and every thing in the industry, but a deep insight into the issues might give the professional a lot help. In order to overcome all the problems the professionals need to overcome their personal anxiety and fear because at the end of the day the industry will be improved. Reference List Baum, T. (2015). Human resources in tourism: Still waiting for change?A 2015 reprise.Tourism Management,50, 204-212. Baum, T. (Ed.). (2016).Human resource issues in international tourism. Elsevier. Boella, M., Goss-Turner, S. (2013).Human resource management in the hospitality industry: A guide to best practice. Routledge. Deery, M., Jago, L. (2015). Revisiting talent management, work-life balance and retention strategies.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(3), 453-472. Hoque, K. (2013).Human resource management in the hotel industry: Strategy, innovation and performance. Routledge. Marler, J. H., Parry, E. (2016). Human resource management, strategic involvement and e-HRM technology.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,27(19), 2233-2253. McPhail, R., Patiar, A., Herington, C., Creed, P., Davidson, M. (2015). Development and initial validation of a hospitality employees job satisfaction index: Evidence from Australia.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(8), 1814-1838. Mok, C., Sparks, B., Kadampully, J. (2013).Service quality management in hospitality, tourism, and leisure. Routledge. Mok, C., Sparks, B., Kadampully, J. (2013).Service quality management in hospitality, tourism, and leisure. Routledge. Nickson, D. (2013).Human resource management for hospitality, tourism and events. Routledge. Ramos, C. M., Martins, D. J., Serra, F., Lam, R., Cardoso, P. J., Correia, M. B., Rodrigues, J. M. (2017). Framework for a Hospitality Big Data Warehouse: The Implementation of an Efficient Hospitality Business Intelligence System.International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector (IJISSS),9(2), 27-45. Randhawa, P., Kim, M., Voorhees, C. M., Cichy, R. F., Koenigsfeld, J. P., Perdue, J. (2016). Hospitality service innovations in private clubs.Cornell Hospitality Quarterly,57(1), 93-110. Robinson, R. N., Kralj, A., Solnet, D. J., Goh, E., Callan, V. (2014). Thinking job embeddedness not turnover: Towards a better understanding of frontline hotel worker retention.International Journal of Hospitality Management,36, 101-109. Solnet, D., Kralj, A., Baum, T. (2015). 360 degrees of pressure: The changing role of the HR professional in the hospitality industry.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research,39(2), 271-292. Stone, D. L., Deadrick, D. L., Lukaszewski, K. M., Johnson, R. (2015). The influence of technology on the future of human resource management.Human Resource Management Review,25(2), 216-231. Supanti, D., Butcher, K., Fredline, L. (2015). Enhancing the employer-employee relationship through corporate social responsibility (CSR) engagement.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(7), 1479-1498. Wirtz, J., Lovelock, C. (2016).Services marketing: people, technology, strategy. World Scientific Publishing Co Inc. Xiang, Z., Schwartz, Z., Gerdes, J. H., Uysal, M. (2015). What can big data and text analytics tell us about hotel guest experience and satisfaction?.International Journal of Hospitality Management,44, 120-130.

Wasteland By TS Eliot Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Wasteland By TS Eliot Essay, Research Paper The driving force of all life is procreation and re-birth. For world, flora, the carnal land, the endurance of the species is the dominant factor and merely the fittest survive. For millenary, different races have believed that the birthrate of the land depended on the sexual authority of their swayer or favor of their Gods. Pagan, Roman, Grecian and other Gods have been invented who were believed to command the birthrate of the land, such as Ceres, the Roman goddess of agribusiness, on which the endurance of their populations has been believed to hold depended. Assorted superstitious notions and faiths have farther developed and become important factors in the lives of one million millions of the universe # 8217 ; s population. The Waste Land takes these subjects and portrays a dead land that lacks the birthrate and sexual authority needed to prolong and come on life. We will write a custom essay sample on Wasteland By TS Eliot Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A land nothingness of what is needed for re-birth. The 4 vitalizing elements: Earth, Air, Fire, Water. Earth is sterile ; Air is turned to # 8220 ; brown fog # 8221 ; ; Fire burns ; Water drowns. The sexual imaginations are unproductive: sex is present as a lustful functional device but lacking of the necessary birthrate. Superstitions are turned to by the society in hunt of the reply in the signifier of Tarot card cards and faith is a changeless yarn as evidenced by the repeating Biblical mentions and subjects. In The Burial of the Dead we see that he gives us an image of the Earth as unfertile, alternatively of being the foundation of flora. It is merely a depository for the dead. Earth is the 1st. of the 4 natural elements. These 4 gap lines echo the # 8220 ; April # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; root # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; Lilac/flower # 8221 ; , and # 8220 ; rain/shower # 8221 ; imagination of the 4 gap lines of The General Prologue of Chaucer # 8217 ; s Canterbury Narratives. These lines are reflecting the image of life and decease. Rain normally nurtures and strengthens workss and sustains them, but here we see that life even with H2O is easy dying and blowing off. He subsequently goes on to state that the trees will give no shelter and the crickets, no alleviation. This line comes from Ecclesiastes 12:5-7: # 8220 ; Besides when they shall be afraid of that which is high, and frights shall be in the tungsten ay, and the Prunus dulcis tree shall boom, and the grasshopper shall be a load, and want shall neglect: because adult male goeth to his long place, and the grievers go about the streets. Or of all time the Ag cord be loosed, or the aureate bowl be broken, or the hurler be broken at the fountain, or the wheel broken at the cistern. Then shall the dust return to the Earth as it was: and the spirit shall return unto God who gave it. # 8221 ; When he says # 8220 ; I will demo you fear in a smattering of dust # 8221 ; , he once more gives us the image of birth because in the Christian belief, God made Adam out of! the dust of the land. A Game of Chess comes from Thomas Middleton # 8217 ; s A Game at Chesse, a controversial Elizabethan drama picturing war between England and Spain with England as the white pieces and Spain as the black. In this verse form though, the participants end in deadlock. As though a window gave upon the silvan scene The alteration of Philomel, by the brutal male monarch So impolitely forced ; yet there the nightingale Philomel is the character raped by Tereus and who had her lingua cut out so that she couldn # 8217 ; t state. She was turned into a Luscinia megarhynchos. These few lines represent gender without birthrate, and how the Earth is so otiose that it can # 8217 ; t bring forth life any longer. The Fire Sermon A cardinal characteristic of Bramanical doctrine was the worship of fire as portion of the Vedic rites. Fire in that sense was used as cleansing. In this usage it is cleansing the universe of all immoral things. Fire was the voice of the God Agni personified by adult male, H2O personified by adult female. In Death By Water, H2O here doesn # 8217 ; t give life, it takes life off. Short, resolute and uncompromising. Water is the 3rd. of the 4 natural elements. In the Christian belief H2O is used for baptising. This procedure is like deceasing in H2O, and being ressurrected into a new life. In the following chapter this same thing does the Godhead voice here, boom, reiterating Da! Da! District attorney! that is, restrain yourselves, spring, sympathise. One should rehearse this same three: temperateness, giving, sympathy. # 8221 ; Thunder brings the promise of rain but fails to supply it. Thunder represents Air, the 4th. of the 4 natural elements.

Physician Assisted Suicide Essay

Physician Assisted Suicide Essay Physician Assisted Suicide Essay Name: Marva Dyer Date: June 3, 2008 Class: PHI1103 Word Count: 1225 Topic: Physician Assisted Suicide 1. Introduction and Thesis Chronic and life-limiting illness can also make a person feel like they have lost all control of their lives. The body isn’t doing what it should and there’s no way to stop it. Physician-assisted suicide (PAS) may feel like a way to regain some of that control. If they can’t control the illness, they can at least control how they die. Quality of life is the driving force behind patients seeking PAS. Usually clients feel loss of autonomy, or not being able to care for themselves and make ones own decisions. Directly following are the loss of one's dignity and the loss of being able to participate in enjoyable activities. It goes without saying that physical suffering greatly diminishes quality of life as well. For those who are suffering in their final days of life, death can be a welcome event. They may feel that it will permanently relieve their suffering and alleviate the burden on their loved ones. Physician-assisted suicide may seem like the best option for them and their families. Therefore this paper argues that PAS is right only in the case of the terminal ill to alleviate further suffering, loss of autonomy and dignity. In so doing we can provide a way to be merciful to the dying without branding those who show mercy as criminals. 2. Arguments and Explanation Reason 1: Consider a person with an incurable illness or severe debility such that life has become so racked with pain or so burdensome that desirable, meaningful, purposeful existence has ceased. Suppose that person says, "My life is no longer worth living; I cannot stand it any longer; I want to end it now to avoid further pain, indignity, torment, and despair." In the end after all alternatives have been thoroughly considered, I believe this person has the right to make a choice to die and that it ought to be honored. We would want to urge consultation with physicians, clergy, lawyers, therapists, family, and others so that such a serious and irreversible decision can be made after sufficient time has passed and every alternative thoroughly weighed. We have obligations to others and should take their needs into account. The state has an interest in protecting life. But, in the end, individuals should be given the opportunity to deciding when life has become an unendurable hardship . This doesn’t mean â€Å"I want to end it† because my bills are due and the loan shark is looking for me. According to an article by USA Today (1998-JUL-6) physician assisted suicide is permitted in Oregon under very tightly controlled conditions and specifically criminalized in the remaining states. The Death with Dignity law went into effect in Oregon in 1997. It allows some terminally-ill patients to request assistance in committing suicide. Reason 2: There’s an increase in healthcare cost when individuals are diagnosed and treated with an terminal illness. Most don’t have health insurance and don’t want to be a burden to their family members or the government. 127.805 s.2.01. Who may initiate a written request for medication? (1) An adult who is capable, is a resident of Oregon, and has been determined by the attending physician and consulting physician to be suffering from a terminal disease, and who has voluntarily expressed his or her wish to die, may make a written request for medication for the purpose of ending his or her life in a humane and dignified manner in accordance with ORS 127.800 to 127.897. 127.835 s.3.05. Family notification. The attending physician shall recommend that the patient notify the next of kin of his or her request for medication pursuant to ORS 127.800 to 127.897. A patient who declines or is unable to notify next of kin shall not have his or her request denied for that reason. 127.850 s.3.08. Waiting periods. No less than fifteen (15) days shall elapse between the patient's initial oral

Gourds and Their Uses essays

Gourds and Their Uses essays Gourds have been useful to civilization for years. The gourd, a family member of squash, cucumbers and pumpkins, have been used for centuries even including B.C.. Natives found the gourd most useful for ritual, and everyday uses. There are many different kinds of gourds that have been used for different purposes, and many different places where wild gourds can be found. Just the color of a gourd can determine the power it has in a religious purpose, and the shape also can determine what purposes the gourd will serve. A gourd, also called a Cucurbitaceae because of its family, is most popular for the use of everyday uses. For example, gourds have been used for storage, canteens, utensils, and even ornaments. When the gourd is painted, waxed, and carved it is known as the sacred or sprit keeper, according to ancient beliefs. In the past when gourds where first founded in the wild, the Woodlands Indian Nations used gourds for daily routines. Later into the years, the early settlers discovered the true value of gourds such as using them for Used as floats by the Africans, gourds have helped people from traveling to surviving. When used as utensils, the gourd would be cut precisely with a arrangement of sharp tips at the end to stab the item they were trying to kill or eat. The tips were usually jagged, because the supplies these people had to cut the gourd were insufficient. The thinner the gourd, the easier the shell is to break while carving. On the other hand, the thicker the gourd, the harder it is to carve, which also causes breaking. Gourds have also been used for spiritual reasons. The common name for these gourds are called Spirit Herd Gourds, and are carved and painted with the symbols of sacred horses. Inspired by the Cherokee heritage, these gourds represent their guardians and ancient spirits. When black horses are painted on the gourd, this represents the ...

Eugenics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Eugenics - Essay Example Uninformed parents choose the abortion option at the first sign of there being an abnormality with their unborn baby, causing a major decline in the birth rates of babies with abnormalities such as Down Syndrome(DS) and Cystic Fibrosis(CF). The author further says that cystic fibrosis is no longer the threat it was once considered, thanks to the advancement in modern science. Hence all the babies diagnosed with it and subsequently hurriedly aborted could have had a chance at life. He says that parents are usually given bits and pieces of information which is not enough to reach a decision. The article is very thought provoking, especially when you think about how easy it is to be misdiagnosed. A human should not decide the fate of another human being, no matter what the reasoning behind the decision. Killing an unborn baby out of fear that it may be a drain on resources makes us no different from people belonging to ancient cultures considered uncivilized and barbaric. Works Cited Sm ith, Wesley J. â€Å"Politically Correct Eugenics: Brownback and Kennedy do the Right Thing.† The Weekly Standard. The Weekly Standard LLC., 31 Mar. 2008. Web. 22 Mar. 2011.

Research paper Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research paper - Literature review Example 2)Preschool children refer to children that are on their early childhood education. It usually occurs to children before they are at a position of joining primary school. Though the ages may slightly vary, most of the preschool children are usually between the age of three and six years. This research examines pupils in this level of education for the prevalence of dental carries. 3)Early childhood carries refers to a kind of tooth decay that occurs to children that are in their first five years of growth after birth. Children can develop this condition in their infancy, either as toddlers or as preschoolers (Kail 2011, p.2). 4)Primary maxillary anterior teeth refer to the deciduous teeth that develop during infancy of which it comprises of the canines as well as the central and lateral incisors. These teeth are found on the front side. 5)Dentition refers to the teeth development from infancy to adulthood and the subsequent arrangement of the teeth in the mouth of an individual. It traverses from the arrangement of the teeth in the mouth, the kind, and the number of each type present in the mouth. 7)Cavitation refers to the presence of a cavity in a given tissue or an organ (Merriam-Webster 2014, p.1). In our context of research, it entails the formation of tooth cavities specifically touching on children teeth. 11)Sample frame refers to all the components present in a sampling area from where the sample will be obtained from. The sample frame can be made up of a variety of components, all of which helps in getting the data required by a researcher. 12)Dental examination deals with an analysis of the situation of the teeth in order to identify any potential anomalies that may require to be corrected. It is one of the requirements for good oral health. The research paper by Rahul, June, and Alan, Socio-Behavioral

Biblical Worldview Essay Essay Example for Free

Biblical Worldview Essay Essay The Apostle Paul wrote to the Roman church to prepare them for his visit to Rome prior to leaving for Spain. He explained to the church how Christians, Jews and Gentiles alike, should view the natural world, our identity, our relationships, and our culture due to our relationship with Christ. He explains the necessity for righteousness because without Christ we are dead in our sin. But God, through his goodness and grace has provided a way to righteousness through Jesus Christ. The Natural World According to Genesis, God created the heavens and earth (our natural world) and everything in them. In Romans 1:20 Paul states, â€Å"For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities-his eternal power and divine nature-have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse.† God created the world, his power and authority is evident in this creation and in this way man was supposed to know Him. However they turned their backs on him and according to verse 22 â€Å"exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images made to look like mortal man and birds and animals and reptiles.† Because of Adam and Eve’s disobedience in the Garden of Eden, sin came into our natural world which started the demise of spiritual man as well as God’s intended order. Human Identity â€Å"God created man in his own image,† (Gen 1:27). Our identity is firmly established by knowing God, more specifically, knowing God through Jesus Christ. We are created with a â€Å"God shaped void† in our spirit man. If we do not fill that void with a relationship with God, we will seek to fill it with anything else that gives us temporary pleasure. Paul says in Romans chapter 1, that men turned away from God and turned to idol worship. Three times in this chapter Paul states that God â€Å"gave them over† to their sinful desires (v.24), their shameful lusts (v. 26), and their depraved minds. (v28). In and of ourselves, we are destined to die, not only physically but spiritually. God however, has made a way. Paul eloquently shares the path to salvation, righteousness, and sanctification through Jesus Christ.

Analysis of the Cadbury Business Essay examples -- Business and Manage

Analysis of the Cadbury Business The person, who created the Cadbury business, is John Cadbury in 1824. The business started as a shop in a fashionable place in Birmingham. It sold things such as tea and coffee, mustard and a new sideline - cocoa and drinking chocolate, which John Cadbury prepared himself using a mortar and pestle. In 1847 the Cadbury business became a partnership. This is because John Cadbury took his brother, which also made it a family business. The business was now known as The Cadbury Brothers. A factory in Birmingham was rented, to produce their products. In 1854 the company received its first Royal Warrant as 'manufacturers of cocoa and chocolate to Queen Victoria'. In 1856 John Cadbury's son Richard joined the company, followed in 1861 Richard and George became the second Cadbury brothers to run the business when their father retired due to failing health. The first Cadbury factory was built in the country; it was built in the green fields of Kings Norton, outside the city of Birmingham, between 1899. This place was named "Bournville", which was named by George Cadbury where he built the factory. This took place because George Cadbury had an image, with a saying, "If the country is a good place to live in, why not work in it?" So he took his workers to live and work in (the country) Bournville. Further on the years Cadbury invited new recipes, so new chocolate were been created, for instance in 1915 Cadbury's Milk Tray, in 1920, Cadbury's Flake, in 1938 Roses were created. In 1969 Cadbury and Schweppes that is a beverage business merged together as a business. This business grew worldwide over centuries, it manufactured, marketed and distributed products in over 2... ...s shortcomings - Analysing process problems - Making a process change - Measuring the effects of the process change - Communicating both ways between supervisor and user TQM Compared to ISO 9001 ISO 9000 is a Quality System Management Standard. TQM is a philosophy of perpetual improvement. The ISO Quality Standard sets in place a system to deploy policy and verifiable objectives. An ISO implementation is a basis for a Total Quality Management implementation. Where there is an ISO system, about 75 percent of the steps are in place for TQM. The requirements for TQM can be considered ISO plus. Another aspect relating to the ISO Standard is that the proposed changes for the next revision (1999) will contain customer satisfaction and measurement requirements. In short, implementing TQM is being proactive concerning quality rather than reactive. Analysis of the Cadbury Business Essay examples -- Business and Manage Analysis of the Cadbury Business The person, who created the Cadbury business, is John Cadbury in 1824. The business started as a shop in a fashionable place in Birmingham. It sold things such as tea and coffee, mustard and a new sideline - cocoa and drinking chocolate, which John Cadbury prepared himself using a mortar and pestle. In 1847 the Cadbury business became a partnership. This is because John Cadbury took his brother, which also made it a family business. The business was now known as The Cadbury Brothers. A factory in Birmingham was rented, to produce their products. In 1854 the company received its first Royal Warrant as 'manufacturers of cocoa and chocolate to Queen Victoria'. In 1856 John Cadbury's son Richard joined the company, followed in 1861 Richard and George became the second Cadbury brothers to run the business when their father retired due to failing health. The first Cadbury factory was built in the country; it was built in the green fields of Kings Norton, outside the city of Birmingham, between 1899. This place was named "Bournville", which was named by George Cadbury where he built the factory. This took place because George Cadbury had an image, with a saying, "If the country is a good place to live in, why not work in it?" So he took his workers to live and work in (the country) Bournville. Further on the years Cadbury invited new recipes, so new chocolate were been created, for instance in 1915 Cadbury's Milk Tray, in 1920, Cadbury's Flake, in 1938 Roses were created. In 1969 Cadbury and Schweppes that is a beverage business merged together as a business. This business grew worldwide over centuries, it manufactured, marketed and distributed products in over 2... ...s shortcomings - Analysing process problems - Making a process change - Measuring the effects of the process change - Communicating both ways between supervisor and user TQM Compared to ISO 9001 ISO 9000 is a Quality System Management Standard. TQM is a philosophy of perpetual improvement. The ISO Quality Standard sets in place a system to deploy policy and verifiable objectives. An ISO implementation is a basis for a Total Quality Management implementation. Where there is an ISO system, about 75 percent of the steps are in place for TQM. The requirements for TQM can be considered ISO plus. Another aspect relating to the ISO Standard is that the proposed changes for the next revision (1999) will contain customer satisfaction and measurement requirements. In short, implementing TQM is being proactive concerning quality rather than reactive.

Brave New World Essay

Aldous Huxley was a writer of several novels, including the most famous Brave New World. He was born on 1894 and died on 1963. His interest includes politics, philosophy, parapsychology, psychology and mysticism. He was known to have close relationship to several people who have inclinations towards science. He has a botanical father and had worked in a chemical plant. Brave New World was written during an era where psychology and genetics play a vital role in explaining human behavior and reactions. It is then not impossible that there will come a time that humans will be experimented using psychology and genetics to be able to determine the extent of its effect. 1)Identify the characteristics (dimensions) of the narrative. A narrative is about telling stories, thus, it consist primarily of a plot structure, conflict, characters, setting, theme and point of view. The plot structure is basically the outline or the framework of the whole narrative; it includes the introduction followed by the rising action and the climax and then the falling action and finally the resolution. The conflict on the other hand is the disagreement in the narrative; usually it is where the whole plot revolves. The characters are the players or those who perform in the narrative. The setting is where the narrative takes place. The theme is the topic or the issue/s being portray or shown as the narrative progresses. The point of view is what the characters or the author seems to think from their perspective. 2)Discover an explanation for how the narrative creates meaning. The narrative creates a meaning by putting all of its dimensions together. Weaving one with another, it generates an idea that later result to a series of story which are connected with one another. 3)What is the setting? Where does the story takes place? Brave New World starts in ‘Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre’, there is a tour in the Hatcheries. The director is explaining to the students the process of reproduction of ‘customized’ human beings. The story takes place during A. F. otherwise known as After Ford. 4)Who are the characters? Are they human? Fleshed out? Known and unknown traits. The first character to be shown was the ‘Director’ Tomakin. He was the director of Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre. As the story succeeds, he was shown to be a part of a scandal involving his impregnation of Linda, a second caste or Beta and having a son with her named John, some 25 years ago. The next character was Linda Crowne, she is another Beta which depicts the typical female in the Brave New World. She is nineteen years old and is a lab worker at the Conditioning Center. She is Bernard’s love interest and she also like Bernard. Bernard is the main character in the story, he works as a psychologist in the Conditioning Centre and belongs to the Alpha class or the first class. He is the one to expose the son and wife of Director Tomakin. John or more commonly known as ‘the savage’ is the son of Linda and Tomakin. He lives in the savage Reservation along with her mother. He causes the big embarrassment for the director. He found his mother in the dying bed. He serves as the character who lives in the old world or something like that. Mustapha Mond is one of the World Controller. At the beginning of the narrative he told the students who are touring the Control Center about monogamy and the bond between mother and child, which he remarked as ‘horrifying’. Helmholtz Watson looks like Bernard’s Bestfriend and adviser. He like Bernard is not in favor of the ‘new order’ he thinks that there is something that is not right in the system. Ford is another term or shortcut for Freud which serves as the new ‘God’ as revealed in the story by Mond. Other characters are just minor characters. Among the characters, ‘the savages’ are the only one who is really humans’ or those who become humans in the natural sense. Other characters are fleshed out. Although they are till humans are homo sapiens, they are not created in the normal process. As stated above, they are somehow, customized. 5)Who is the narrator? Attitude toward story? Powers available to narrator? Characteristics? Trustworthy & reliable? The narrator is actually not among the characters thus he/she have the capability to tell the readers what is actually taking place in the narrative. The narrator’s attitude is somehow against the world order but it seems that the narrator is curios of what will happen after things are going this and that way. I could not say for sure if the narrator is trustworthy and reliable since there are instances wherein he/she tries to guess part of the story. Also, since the narrator is not an actual character it is hard to tell how much is his/her if his/her interpretations are coherent. 6)What are the events? Which are important for the story’s development? Which flesh out the story? The first three chapters generally describe that ‘brave new world’. The tour in the Control Center gives us a brief overview of the workings involved in the conditioning and reconditioning of the people, from conception to old age. Then the presentation of Lenina as the typical human being during that time in contrast with Bernard who seems to deviate with what is foreseen as natural. The visit to the Savage Reservation which shows the members of the old world and how they live corresponds to the presentation of a small part or population who still live in the ‘old system’. Meeting John and Linda who turns out to be the Director’s family, John being a child conceived through normal sexual intercourse which the new society or the Fordian society believes to be obscene. The presentation of John as the son followed by the fame of Bernard that was only short-lived since John did not show up in the conference which was arranged to confirm his identity. Then it shows the Shakespearean love that John felt for Lenina while Lenina shows the love she knows, this leads him to beat her. It was then followed by Linda’s death which leads to a riot at the hospital. This leads to the arrest of Helmholtz, Bernard and John. Bernard and Helmholtz were sent to another island far from England. John on the other hand was permitted to live n England. The people in England seems to drive John crazy, thus at the end, he killed himself. 7)How are events related in time? How are they told in the story? (Flashbacks? ) What is the speed or pace of the story? The events are related as the story progresses however there are indeed some flashbacks especially the scenes with John in the savage Reservation. The speed of the story is fast paced but there are enough explanation for every scenes. 8)What are the causes and effects? Are causes human? Supernatural? Are effects caused by accidents? Forces of nature? The Causes are the humans as can be seen since it is the humans who create the ‘brave new world’. Accordingly, the world is patterned to how Freud had conceived family as a disintegration of individual. The new order also aims to promote happiness by controlling everything in the human life. The effects are not merely accidents but an understanding of a ‘utopian’ view. 9)Who is the audience? What can we tell about the audience’s knowledge, personality, and abilities, on the basis of the speaker’s attitude toward audience? The audience is basically the reader which is also the spectators who are looking forward the development and progress in the narrative. The speaker speaks of the audience as someone who wants to join or be included in the ‘utopian like’ world where everything is equal yet individuality is missing. 10)What is the theme? It may be an underlying truth or saying. How obvious and clear is the theme? â€Å"Community, Identity and Stability has been the central theme of the whole novel since it is even the motto of the ‘new order’. The theme is very obvious since it is discussed in the novel. Stability is always mentioned with its reference to control and less conflict. Science seems to be the central source of power in the ‘brave new world’, science is used to provide less conflict through conditioning and minimizing conflicts. 11)Does the narrative fulfill its creator’s purpose? I believe it has fulfilled its creator purpose of delivering a novel that shows a future society if it will be designed or patterned to a ‘communal, scientific capital system’. Everyone will be treated in the same way. People do not experience loneliness because they are conditioned to be like this and do that. People are treated as mechanisms and/or things that can be rejected if it does not suffice its purpose. People live and die with the purpose of living together harmoniously in a fake reality. 12) Does the narrative provide useful ideas for living your life? Yes, it had me thinking of my own view regarding Utopia. It also gives me an insight about the way society has effects on the individual. The way the society can shape and somehow manipulate what an individual will think and how he/she will react. Also, it shows that although science, in general and genetic engineering in particular, may be used to treat illnesses and can improve life, it might also result to artificial human beings which are created in laboratories. Reference: Huxley, A. (1958). Brave New World.

Framework for the Assessment of Children and their Families Essay

The Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families (which I will refer to as the assessment framework in this assignment) is an ecological framework that includes personal, intra-personal, inter-personal and sociological influences on development. It was developed in response to findings from a programme of research on child protection (Department of Health 1995), and a series of government inspections (Social Services Inspectorate 1997a,b). Social workers often have to balance the needs of children and families with agency requirements, which Davies (1997), points out are often underpinned by a legal mandate therefore accountability is a complex concept in social work. The assessment framework provides a systematic way of gathering, analysing, understanding and recording what is happening to children and young people within their families and the wider context of the community in which they live, (Department of Health, Department for Education and Employment, Home Office, 2000); and the skill in undertaking and recording an assessment according to Coulshed & Orme (1998 p.26) lies in the ability of professionals to collect enough of the right kind of information and this can only be done in the right kind of environment. Cleaver and Walker’s (2003) research study found that the implementation of the assessment framework overall has been successful, it has facilitated joint working  between agencies having a profound influence on policy and practice in children’s services. The Every Child Matters policy initiative was a positive social policy programme in a lot of respects and a catalyst for radical reform however some of the processes and procedures invaded and undermined the rights of the child to privacy under Article 8 of the European Convention for Human Rights (ECHR), Hoyle, (2008), which I will discuss further in this assignment. There have been many criticisms of the assessment framework and Helm (2011) mentions that even though the quality of assessments have improved there is persistent difficulty with levels and quality of analysis and a repeated failure amongst professionals to pay sufficient attention to what children and young people may be saying about their own needs and experiences. Parton (2010) highlights that during the period since late 2008 & the tragic death of Baby P, the focus has shifted more centrally to child protection where prior to this period the emphasis was on ‘safeguarding’, and there has been a renewed official priority given to social work to which the developments have been given an added impetus with the election of the Conservative/Liberal Democrat Coalition government in May 2010 which generated the Munro review into child protection. I will provide a critical analysis of how relevant legislation and policy impact on assessing the needs of children and their families and I will discuss ways that inadequate assessments can lead to failures. To successfully implement the assessment framework a process has to be followed which requires social workers to be skilful and experienced. I will explore ways in which the assessment framework is a useful tool in contemporary social work practice, identifying the significance of risk and safeguarding with children and young people and how we can learn from past mistakes. In addition I will discuss some of the dilemmas that social workers face with the assessment process in relation to the rights of children and families. Legislation and Policy in the Children and Families Assessment Framework The assessment framework was introduced under section (7) of the Local Authority Social Services Act in 2000 and implemented in April 2001. (Millar & Corby, (2006). It followed the introduction of the Children Act (1989) which legitimises actions taken by social workers. The framework builds on the duties of assessment of needs set out in section (17) and schedule (2) para (3) of the Children Act 1998. (Parker & Bradley, p.18), and builds on responsibilities under section (47) of the Children Act which obliges local authorities to consider making inquires if concerns have been expressed about a child’s well-being or possible maltreatment. Assessments under section (47) involve a shared responsibility in consultation with other professionals. Failure to properly implement Section (17) schedule (2) meant that the broader welfare needs of disadvantaged children was overlooked so the DOH had to refocus social work practice so that child protection concerns were included in the assessment framework. Parker (2007) states that the assessment framework is policy driven and highlights the importance of inter-agency sharing of information and cooperation in working together, while emphasising the principles of person-centred, strengths-based practice. It is made up of three domains (triangle) that represent the child’s developmental needs, the parenting capacity to respond to those needs and family and environmental factors with the child’s welfare at the centre (Department of Health, 2000a). According to Parton (2010), there was an important shift under the New Labour government away from services that were framed primarily in terms of ‘the family’ to ones that were explicitly ‘child-centred’. The Every Child Matters (ECM) policy framework a direct response to the Climbie Report was developed within government and championed by the Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) in September (2003), and underpins the Children Act (2004). The ECM joined-up services for children and families under one roof; so how can anyone dispute that not every child matters? Well, it only applied in 150 local authority areas in England and was not scheduled for  implementation in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland, which would lead to the assumption that every child matters in England but not in the United Kingdom. Also under the ECM framework was a considerable financial investment, made in establishing a universal child surveillance database (Contact Point) and countless areas of activity concerning children but were brigaded under the ‘every child matters’ brand. The Integrated Children System which built on the assessment framework according to White et al, (2010) disrupted the professional task, engendering a range of unsafe practices and provoked a gathering storm of user resistance, (p.405). Parton (2011, p.16) notes that the Conservative/Liberal Democrat Coalition government made it clear, after its election victory in May 2010, that it was the reduction in the public finance debt that was its overriding and most urgent political priority and immediately set about reducing public expenditure. The new government established an independent review of child protection, chaired by Eileen Munro within three weeks of coming into office, (Parton, 2010, p.2); and the new government also began to dismantle key elements of the ECM framework (e.g. Contact Point), and almost consigned the enormous ECM website to the archive! ( Butler & Hickman, 2011). Research tells us that when thresholds are likely to be raised if there are limited resources, financial constraints or the pressure of increased workloads, this is a way that organisations can ration responses, by prioritising cases, (Turney et al, 2011), executive summary notes that, where children are neglected or abused evidence in dicates that the help they received from services was inadequate. The Munro review is the latest in a long line of policy initiatives in England set up to address the challenges for the state and wider society to the problem of child abuse. (Parton, 1985:2006). The review argues that a major reason why child protection policy and practice has developed in the way that it has in England arises from negative and critical responses from the media to professionals, in particular social workers, so improving the public image of social work is key to improving child protection. (Parton,  2012, p.158). But the review did not make it clear what it meant by child protection or what it identified as the main aims of the child protection system (p.154) The Assessment Process Assessment can be seen as an on-going, continuous and mutual process in which the service user interacts and participates. Darlymple and Burke (2006) explain that participation defines an activity where people are not just listened to or consulted but are also able to influence and achieve change. It is a process of what has happened and what is happening now. (Butler & Hickman, 2011 p.168), and Smale et al. (1993) highlight the idea of ‘exchange’ in assessment in which a two-way communication takes place, enabling the views of service users and professionals to be accorded equal respect. The assessment framework describes itself as ‘rooted in child development’, (DOH, 2000) therefore it is vital that social workers have a thorough understanding in child development as this is critical for work with children and families. It takes the skill and talent and understanding of a social worker to make sense of the information gathered from different sources and begin the process with the information in front of them. Sometimes the information needs to be collected again and again at the cost of the people using the services, especially if they have already given information to a social worker previously, but the process is an on-going one so in some cases negotiations need to be made with a range of people. Each child’s needs should be assessed individually when referred to services. An initial assessment is completed within 7-10 days. The initial assessment gathers information along the three parameters of assessment framework, which determines what services (if any) are needed. The tight time constraints can at this stage in the assessment framework can influence the initial decisions about where and how to manage referrals. Regan (2001) mentions that the form filling associated with the assessment framework is a time-consuming obstacle to the process of engaging helpfully with people.  (cited in Millar & Corby, 2006, p. 888). The core assessment which is an in-depth process containing numerous questions, is only necessary if it is clear from the initial assessment that a more detailed assessment is required and if there are safeguarding concerns. It uses the full model of the assessment (the child’s needs, the needs within the wider community) and the (capacity of the parents) and should be done within 35 working days. Current statutory guidance on promoting the health and well-being of looked after children (DCSF, 2009) suggests the use of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) as an early stage screening tool for this purpose. (cited in Turney et al, 2011). In social work practice, it is important to agree on the assessment plan with the child and it’s family so all parties are aware who is going to be doing ‘what’ and ‘when’, and how the assessment will be used to inform overall judgements about the child’s needs and subsequent planning, (DOH, 2000a). Two studies conducted by Corby et al, (2002a) who sought the views of 34 sets of parents being assessed under the new framework, concluded that almost all parents were satisfied or had positive views about the initial assessments and two-thirds felt in a similar way about core assessments. Focus groups who also took part in the study were also positive about initial assessments and had mixed views about the core assessments. The majority raised issues about time constraints and staff resources. The study doesn’t mention, which local authority area the study took place, the ages of the parents or the ethnic origins as this may have made a difference to the outcome. Anti-oppressive and Anti-discriminatory practice when conducting assessments should take into account people’s differences, for example religion, colour or race. If assessments are done correctly it will be person-centred and will include diverse factors such as the gender, sexuality or age of a person, cited in Turney et al, (2011). They also note criticisms of the child development model and that it doesn’t take into account the child’s disability and suggest that the assessment should include tailoring of templates to reflect their strengths, abilities and needs through their chosen method of communication. Coulshed and Orme (1983) discuss drawbacks to the assessment process in that they could be used to control not just access to services but also disadvantaged sections of the community for example dossiers kept on so-called ‘problem families’ or those who have assertively sought assistance, and Ahmad (1990) mentions the adjective ‘aggressive’ which is applied to black clients who assert their needs for equitable services and that white assessments fail to take into account black realities and environments. Preston-Shoot, (2003) adds that studies have shown that social workers have a lack of referencing to research and theory in their assessment reports. The components of the assessment framework requires more than just vision. It requires social workers to observe behaviours as well as gather information which can be non-verbal, for example observing facial expressions, looking at attachments with family members, observing body language etc. The message in social worker practice is clear, that when working with children and their families it is vital to have a non-judgemental manner, not to make assumptions when carrying out assessments and intervening with individuals and to keep an open mind. In addition social workers should, maintain adequate and accurate note keeping records and should ensure accountability when working in collaboration with other organisations. Risk and Safeguarding The discussion of risk and safeguarding and allocation of resources is a reminder of the power that social workers hold. The assessment framework (Department of Health et al., 2000), attempted to move the focus from the assessment of risk of child abuse and ‘significant harm’ (Department of Health, 2001) to one that was concerned with the idea of risk of impairment to a child’s overall development in the context of their family and community environment. (cited in Parton, 2010 p.7). Parton, (2010) discusses that by the early 1990s the child protection and child welfare systems could be characterised in terms of the need to  identify ‘high risk’ cases so that these could be differentiated from the rest. According to Dale et al., 1986; Parton and Parton, 1989, ‘High-risk’ was conceptualised in terms of ‘dangerousness’, for it occurred in the small minority of ‘dangerous families’, and such families were subject to extreme family dysfunctions and violent personalities and were seen as the primary cause of child abuse and needed to be identified so children could be protected. Government guidelines that specifically focused on ‘the protection of children from abuse’ was reinforced further in the only official guide on the purpose and content of professional assessments from the Department of Health, (1998) guide, Protecting Children: A Guide for Social Workers Undertaking a Comprehensive Assessment. The guide was specifically designed for social workers in cases where abuse was either substantiated or highly suspected and was concerned with assessments for ‘long-term planning in child protection’ cases. (Parton, 2010, p.6) So how can risk be identified? According to the (2003) Green Paper the risk characteristics of experiencing negative outcomes is concentrated in children with certain characteristics, and the more risk factors a child had, the more likely it was that they would experience negative outcomes for example ‘poor parenting’, ‘crime’ and ‘anti-social & deviant behaviour’ are seen to playing key roles and it is stated that identifying factors and intervening early provided a major strategy for overcoming the social exclusion of children and avoiding problems later in life. (cited in Parton, 2010, p.10) The Department of Health (Social Care Institute for Excellence, 2005), following the introduction of the Children Act (1989) commissioned a series of research studies which reported an over-emphasis on issues of abuse and neglect at the expense of assessing and supporting families. The (SCIE) drafted the report ‘Managing risk and minimising mistakes in services to children and families’ in 2005. The report based on a pilot study of organisational approaches to risk management and includes opportunities for learning from safeguarding incidents. The teams involved in the study were practitioners and service users recruited from England and Wales and fieldwork was conducted in July/August 2004 from both teams. Regarding the  needs assessment, the report mentions that assessing and safeguarding children from significant harm is complex, which means that near misses involves cases where potential significant harm to children was overlooked. During the referral and assessment stage the near misses arise due to the prioritisation of cases  professional not having an accurate or full picture of what is happening decisions made by other teams or agencies The report concludes that in relation to assessing the needs of children in particular the need to safeguard them from significant harm practitioners commentaries showed that near misses were a regular occurrence and were part and parcel of the job. The report also suggested that latent failures are embedded in the system which include a lack of sufficient resources to meet the needs of children and families. (SCIE, 2005, p.35) The role of social work practice in children’s services in England has in relation to child protection seen a dramatic change. Since late 2008, Parton (2010) mentions that following the Baby P’s tragic death, policy and practice have moved in new directions and the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (CAFCASS, 2009) reported that there were nearly 50 per cent more care applications to court in the second half of 2008-09 compared with the first half of that year. High-profile and very public criticisms of social workers and other health and welfare professionals in cases of child abuse put increasing pressure on child welfare services in the UK. (Parton, 1985; Butler and Drakeford, (2005). More recently the sentencing of 9 Asian men in the ‘Rochdale Grooming’ case in which critics have highlighted further ‘protection’ issues amongst professionals. So with clear messages from research, what is the best way for professionals to address issues of risk to children? The report focused primarily on active failures and it states that good practice is to learn from past mistakes and a key means for learning is to harness the knowledge and expertise from service users and to improve assessment systems promoting the welfare of children and families. (SCIE, 2005). Social workers also need to  know why they are seeking a particular piece of information and how to process it questioning all the information from sources, being intuitive and thinking analytically and critically. Professional issues in relation to rights of children and families and the assessment process. Jones (2001) mentions that social work assessment frameworks in general largely ignore the value of listening and forming supportive relationships, diminishing the power of service users to express their concerns effectively, and adds that social workers often have to balance the needs and rights of the child with those of the parents. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) sets out the independent rights of the children, but it also states that the ‘best interests of the child’ are usually served by supporting the child’s family, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, (2005). The (JRF), 2005 study examined the tensions inherent in child and family policy, it’s implications of human rights legislation for policy development and the extent to which government has managed these responsibilities through the development of appropriate policies and structures for service delivery. The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), sets out the parents and children entitlements, including the right for respect for family life enshrined in Article (8). The (2005) study encourages a debate about managing the tensions between policies in support of children and those directed at parents and the family and concludes that contradictions and conflicts in policy in children’s welfare eclipses parents’ rights, and there is no consistent overview of how interests of family members are managed across the generations. It also states that at local level, Children’s Trusts might be strengthened by changing their name to Children and Family Trusts encouraging holistic thinking and making their remit explicit. ‘Although the ECHR has been integrated into domestic law through the Human Rights Act, it’s entitlements are not promoted in social policy and despite signing up to the CRC the government has not incorporated its articles into UK legislation’. (JRF, 2005) It is important as part of the assessment process and for a good assessment to keep the focus of the child at the centre of the assessment process. Although this may be a problem with teenagers who are already going through changes and many of whom have estranged relationships with their parents and families. Studies note that there is sometimes an unwillingness of some social workers to intervene with teenagers and evidence from Serious Case Reviews indicate that suicide was a common cause of death with teenagers aged between the ages of 16 to 17 years of age. Social workers need to be aware of the dangers and of the impact of non-engagement with teenagers, and agencies need to have appropriate strategies and resources in place to address their needs (Brandon et al., 2008 and 2009; Hicks and Stein, 2010; Stein, 2007) (cited in Turney et al , (2011). The Turney et al, (2011) research article indicates that there are difficulties for many social workers in making and sustaining relationships with children and with representing the child’s voice in assessments and evidence shows that on occasions practice has fallen short of the standard required. Helm (2011) writes that children and young people have clearly identified that professionals fail to really listen, not because of a lack of time, but because they focus on adults views and protect themselves from the difficult nature of what they are being told. (p.908) Ferguson, (2001) mentions the difficulties that social workers and other professionals face in such cases of assessing the needs of children while at the same time trying to engage a mother and father who don’t always want the intervention, and research shows that there is considerable evidence that the nature of parental relationships with professionals affect decisions arising from assessments. Turney et al, (2011). Assessments of disabled children raises a number of complexities and challenges; for example the child developmental model underpinning the assessment framework can be seen by some social workers as not appropriate for disabled children (Cleaver et al.,2004; Mitchell and Sloper, 2008). Children need support at various stages of the assessment process so as to be  able to exercise their own rights. (Butler & Williamson 1994, Darlymple & Hough 1995). The child’s views whether expressed verbally or non-verbally and those of relevant people in the child’s life to the assessment is usually sought to get ideas about the best way of helping the child. (Coulshed and Orme, p.26). The assessments of parents relies on verbal communication, but if the parent has learning disabilities or there are language barriers communication could be misinterpreted. A qualitative study carried out by Walker (1999 a,b) in which 15 children aged between 12 and 15 were interviewed for the purpose of viewing children’s experiences of review meetings. Many of the children viewed assessment as formal and bureaucratic, which they said took place on the adults’ terms, and many wanted to get away from the meetings as soon as possible. One child described feeling as an outsider, when adults opened their diaries and planned the next meeting without consultation with the child. Some children felt the language used was difficult, and the aim of meetings was to talk about them and not with them. Conclusion The Assessment Framework is underpinned by child development and an ecological framework developed in response to findings from a programme of research on child protection. It provides a systematic way for social workers to gather and analyse information and recordings of what is happening to children and young people within their families and the wider community in which they live. Legislation and policy legitimises what actions social workers can take when undertaking assessments. There was an important shift under the New Labour Government in assessment with the ‘Every Child Matters’ policy framework which was a direct response to the Climbie Report & the death of Victoria Climbie. The ECM framework joined-up children’s services under one roof, but it was only implemented in England, it was a considerable financial investment and established a child surveillance database and countless areas of activity were brigaded under the ‘every child matters’ brand. Within 3 weeks of coming into office in May 2010, the Conservative/Liberal Democrat Coalition government’s most urgent political priority was reducing the public finance debt. The government established an independent review of child protection chaired by Eileen Munro, which is the latest in a long line of policy initiatives in England. The new government dismantled the key elements of the ECM framework almost consigning the enormous ECM website to the archives. The Assessment Framework as a process appears to have been welcomed by professionals and service users, but there have been criticisms. Messages from research tell us that the issues raised from professionals regarding the assessment process were the time constraints and staff resources and usually when there are limited resources, thresholds are likely to be raised and organisations tend to ration responses to their services by prioritising cases, and Turney et al (2011) note that in cases where children are neglected or abused evidence shows that the help they received from services was inadequate. Discussing Risk and Safeguarding according to Parton (2010) ‘high risk’ in the early 1990’s was conceptualised in terms of ‘dangerousness’ and occurred in a small minority of dangerous families. But the 2003 Green Paper looks at certain characteristics associated with risk such as ‘poor parenting’ or ‘anti-social behaviour’ (deviance) as playing a key role in negative outcomes associated to ‘risk’. The Social Care Institute for Excellence 2005 study found that during the referral and assessment stages near misses occurred due to prioritisation over cases and professionals not having an accurate or full picture of what is happening in a child’s life and that near misses were part and parcel of the job. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child notes ‘the best interests of the child’ are usually served by supporting the child and their family and although the European Convention on Human Rights sets out the parents and children entitlements in Article 8, according to a study conducted by the (2005) Joseph Rowntree Foundation study the entitlements  are not promoted to social policy and despite signing up to the CRC the government has not incorporated its articles into UK legislation. For good assessments it is important that social workers keep the focus on the children and young people and use intuitive skills even though there are difficulties in social work practice in making and sustaining relationships. References Ahmad, A. (1990) Practice with Care, London, Race Equality Unit/National Institute for Social Work. Bartlett, H. (1970) The Common Base of Social Work Practice. New York: National Association of Social Workers. Brandon, M., Bailey, S., Belderson, P., Gardner, R., Sidebotham, P., Dodsworth, J., Warren, C. and Black, J. (2009) Understanding Serious Case Reviews and their impact: A Biennial Analysis of Serious Case Reviews 2005-07. Research Report DCSF-RR129. University of East Anglia. Brandon, M., Belderson, P., Warren, C., Howe, D., Gardner, R., Dodsworth, J and Black, J. (2008). Analysing Child Deaths and Serious Injury through Abuse and Neglect: What Can We Learn? A biennial analysis of serious case reviews 2003-2005. Research Report DCSF-RR023. University of East Anglia. Butler, I. And Drakeford, M. (2005) Scandal Social Policy and Social Welfare, Bristol, Policy Press. Butler, I & Hickman C. (2011). Social Work with Children and Families: Getting into Practice. Third edition. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. London Butler, I. & Williamson, H. (1994), Children speak, Children, trauma and social work. Essex: Longman Information and Reference. Cleaver, H., and Walker, S. (2003) From policy to practice: the implementation of a new framework for social work assessments of children and families. Child and Family Social Work 2004, 9, pp 81-90. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Cleaver, H. & Walker, S. with Meadows, P. (2004) Assessing Children’s Needs and Circumstances: The Impact of the Assessment Framework. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Coulshed,V and Orme, J. (1998) Social Work Practice: an introduction, Basingstoke: Macmillan. Dale, P., Davies, M., Morrison, T. and Waters, J. (1986) Dangerous Families: Assessment and Treatment of Child Abuse, London, Tavistock. Dalrymple, J. & Hough, J. (eds) (1995), Having a Voice. An Exploration of Children’s Rights and Advocacy. Birmingham: Venture Press. Davies, M. (1997) (ed) The Blackwell Companion to Social Work. Oxford: Blackwell. Department of Health (1995) Child Protection: Messages from Research. HMSO, London. 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Recent Biology Related News Article Summary Example

Recent Biology Related News Article Summary Example Recent Biology Related News Article Summary – Article Example Summary American Society for Microbiology. . Salmonella infection mitigates asthma. Science Daily. 23rd January 2014. Web. 24Th January 2014. Recent studies so far conducted contended Salmonella infections present a heightened level of efficiency in reducing asthma incidence. This is evident in the way asthma is unlikely to be high among children who at one time in their lives have experienced Salmonella related disease (â€Å"American Society for Microbiology†). Based on this article, the premise backing its core argument emanates from Modern Western fascination with cleanliness whose original intention is to ensure immune systems are both inexperienced and underdeveloped (â€Å"American Society for Microbiology†). According to Venkateswaran Ganesh, salmonella infection once in the body yields to later reduced airway inflammation, which is the main cause of discomfort among numerous asthma patients (â€Å"American Society for Microbiology†). In his research, Ga nesh claims increase of â€Å"myeloid† in the body enhances the regulation of T helper-2 cells, which in turn yields to less interleukin-4 quantities (â€Å"American Society for Microbiology†). Through this premise, research on mice as subjects prove that, in the future this invention may be helpful in making effective treatments aimed at curbing asthma incidence. This is by using commensal bacteria, which is similar to Salmonella to reduce the incidence’s raising population. For instance, according to CDC statistics in a population of 26 million US citizens 8.2% of them are asthma victims whereby 9.5% are children (â€Å"American Society for Microbiology†). This is an alarming rate given the most critical population encompasses that of little children. However, this emergent invention though not in print already will be helpful in curbing the menace of asthma among children. Work Cited American Society for Microbiology. (2014). Salmonella infection mitig ates asthma. Science Daily. 23rd January 2014. Web. 24Th January 2014.